Example Concept: Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (HPA) scales the number of pod replicas in a Kubernetes deployment based on observed CPU utilization or other select metrics. This approach is useful for handling variable workloads by distributing the load across multiple instances. Vertical Pod Autoscaling (VPA), on the other hand, modifies the CPU and memory requests and limits of a pod to better match its actual usage, optimizing resource allocation without changing the number of pods. Both methods aim to improve application performance and resource efficiency, but they address different scaling needs.